When we think about HPV, cervical cancer is usually the first thing that comes to mind. But HPV can also cause anal cancer, a less common but serious condition that can affect anyone, regardless of gender, especially those with certain risk factors. In Singapore, increased awareness and better access to screening, including Pap smear DNA tests and self-sampling options, have supported early detection.
Still, many people don’t realise that HPV-related screening isn’t just for the cervix. Understanding your risks and getting screened can make a real difference.
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What is HPV and how is it linked to anal cancer?
There are over 100 types of HPV, but only some are high-risk and linked to cancer. Anal cancer is usually caused by long-lasting infections with high-risk HPV types, especially HPV 16 and 18. These are the same types that cause most cervical cancers. When the virus stays in the body for a long time, it can cause abnormal changes in the cells of the anal canal, which might develop into cancer over time.
Who is at risk of HPV-related anal cancer?
Anyone can develop anal cancer, but some groups face higher risks. These include:
- People who engage in receptive anal intercourse
- Individuals with weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV-positive)
- Women with a history of cervical, vulvar, or vaginal cancer or high-grade precancerous lesions
- Men who have sex with men (MSM)
- People with persistent HPV infections
Understanding these risk factors can help determine whether you may benefit from more regular HPV screening or targeted tests.
Symptoms to watch for
Anal cancer can be difficult to detect in its early stages because symptoms may be subtle or mistaken for other conditions like haemorrhoids.
Watch for signs such as:
- Bleeding from the rectum or anus
- Pain or pressure around the anus
- Unusual lumps or growths
- Persistent itching or discharge
- Changes in bowel habits
If you experience any of these symptoms, speak to a healthcare specialist promptly. Early diagnosis offers better outcomes.
Screening options available in Singapore
Singapore’s healthcare system offers several screening tools that can help detect HPV-related changes early — including options that go beyond cervical health.
1. HPV DNA Testing (Pap smear with DNA test)
This test checks for the presence of high-risk HPV types that can cause cancer. While traditionally used for cervical screening, research supports its value in detecting anal HPV as well, especially in high-risk individuals.
- Recommended for women aged 30 and above, every five years
- Available in most public hospitals, polyclinics, and private clinics
2. Anal Pap Test
Like the cervical Pap smear, the anal Pap test collects cells from the anal canal to check for abnormalities. It’s particularly recommended for high-risk groups such as MSM or immunocompromised individuals.
- May be recommended by a specialist based on your personal risk
- Usually offered in sexual health clinics or specialist centres
3. HPV Self‑sampling in Singapore
A newer option introduced in updated cervical cancer screening guidelines, self‑sampling allows women to collect their own sample for HPV testing in the comfort of home. Although currently focused on cervical screening, self‑sampling may become more widely available for anal screening in the future.
- Ideal for women who are uncomfortable with in-clinic procedures
- Available through selected healthcare providers
Prevention: What you can do
HPV-related anal cancer is preventable in many cases. Here’s how you can lower your risk:
- Get vaccinated: The HPV vaccine protects against the most harmful HPV types. It is recommended for all individuals starting from age 9.
- Practise safer sex: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.
- Go for regular screening: HPV screening helps detect changes early, even before symptoms appear.
- Stop smoking: Smoking can weaken your immune system and increase your cancer risk.
- Boost your immunity: A healthy immune system is better able to clear HPV infections naturally.
Schedule an Appointment with a Specialist Today
HPV is more than just a cervical health issue. It is linked to several types of cancer, including anal cancer, which is often overlooked. The good news is that with screening tools like the HPV DNA test and self-sampling, early detection is more accessible than ever.
If you’re unsure about your risk or want to learn more about screening options in Singapore, speak to an HPV specialist. Click the button below to be connected with an HPV specialist in Singapore.
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